Change viewing parameters
Switch to Russian version Select another database
Turkic etymology : Search within this database Total of 2017 records 101 page
Pages: 81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Back: 1 20 50 Forward: 1 \data\alt\turcet
▴ Proto-Turkic▴ Altaic etymology▴ Meaning▴ Russian meaning▴ Old Turkic▴ Karakhanid▴ Turkish▴ Tatar▴ Middle Turkic▴ Uzbek▴ Uighur▴ Sary-Yughur▴ Azerbaidzhan▴ Turkmen▴ Khakassian▴ Shor▴ Oyrat▴ Halaj▴ Chuvash▴ Yakut▴ Dolgan▴ Tuva▴ Tofalar▴ Kirghiz▴ Kazakh▴ Noghai▴ Bashkir▴ Balkar▴ Gagauz▴ Karaim▴ Karakalpak▴ Salar▴ Kumyk▴ Commentsface="Times New Roman Star"*bAc?a- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to fast 2 fast face="Times New Roman Star"1 поститься 2 пост face="Times New Roman Star"bac?a- 1, bac?aq 2 (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"bac?aq 2 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 293. Turk. bac?a-k 'fast' > WMong. bac?ag.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Ko- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to put face="Times New Roman Star"класть face="Times New Roman Star"ko- face="Times New Roman Star"qo- (Pav. C. , IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"xyv-, xu- face="Times New Roman Star"qo- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 273, ЭСТЯ 6, 27-29. The root seems archaic, but in most languages (beginning with OT) was substituted by the synonymous *Kod- (v. sub *k`o>da ), being preserved only in Chag., Osm. and Chuv.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kod- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to put, leave, abandon face="Times New Roman Star"класть, оставлять, покидать face="Times New Roman Star"qod- (Yen., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qod|- (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"koj- face="Times New Roman Star"quj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- (AH , Pav. C. , Abush. ) face="Times New Roman Star"qo.j- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"quz- face="Times New Roman Star"Goj- face="Times New Roman Star"Goj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"xor- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"quj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"qoj- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 274, EDT 595-596, ЭСТЯ 6, 27-28, Федотов 2, 361. The original meaning (observable in most ancient occurrences, see EDT 595) must have been 'to put aside, leave, abandon'; the meaning 'put' appears somewhat later and is probably due to a merger with *Ko- 'to put' (v. sub *ga), not attested before the XIVth century.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kody face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"below, downwards face="Times New Roman Star"внизу, вниз face="Times New Roman Star"qody (Yen., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"qod|y (MK , QB) face="Times New Roman Star"koju face="Times New Roman Star"quju, qujy (MA , Бор. Бад. ), quji (Pav. C. , Abush. ) face="Times New Roman Star"quji face="Times New Roman Star"quju face="Times New Roman Star"qozy, quzy, quzu face="Times New Roman Star"(?) x@rl@ 'bowing the head' (KW 153) face="Times New Roman Star"xotu 'downstream; North' face="Times New Roman Star"kotun 'in the direction of' face="Times New Roman Star"qudu face="Times New Roman Star"qudu face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 596, VEWT 275, ЭСТЯ 6, 31-32, Stachowski 154.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Tilgen face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"wheel face="Times New Roman Star"колесо face="Times New Roman Star"tilgen, tilken (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 499.
face="Times New Roman Star"*okra face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 pimple, pustule 2 disease of cattle face="Times New Roman Star"1 прыщ 2 болезнь скота face="Times New Roman Star"uqra 2 face="Times New Roman Star"oqra (Буд. ) 1 face="Times New Roman Star"oqra 1 face="Times New Roman Star"uqra 'овод бычачий' face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 360.
face="Times New Roman Star"*yduk face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"sacred face="Times New Roman Star"священный face="Times New Roman Star"yduq (Orkh., OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"yd|uq (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"yzyx face="Times New Roman Star"yjyq, ijik face="Times New Roman Star"j@r@x face="Times New Roman Star"ytyq face="Times New Roman Star"ydyq face="Times New Roman Star"yjyq face="Times New Roman Star"yjyq face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 46, ЭСТЯ 1, 649-650, Егоров 80, Федотов 199, TMN 230-231 (most sources give a dubious inner Turkic derivation < *yd- 'to send', based on the old gloss in MK - most probably a folk etymology).
face="Times New Roman Star"*bElin face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"hawk face="Times New Roman Star"ястреб face="Times New Roman Star"belin (Chag.) face="Times New Roman Star"beli-baGly face="Times New Roman Star"belin| face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 69.
face="Times New Roman Star"*o"ku"r/ face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"ox face="Times New Roman Star"бык, вол face="Times New Roman Star"o"ku"z (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"o"ku"z (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"o"ku"z face="Times New Roman Star"ugi>z face="Times New Roman Star"o"ku"z (Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"ho.kiz face="Times New Roman Star"o"ku"z, ho"ku"z face="Times New Roman Star"kus face="Times New Roman Star"o"ku"z face="Times New Roman Star"o"kiz, o"ku"z face="Times New Roman Star"vъw|gъw|r face="Times New Roman Star"og|us face="Times New Roman Star"ogus face="Times New Roman Star"o"gu"z face="Times New Roman Star"o"gi>z face="Times New Roman Star"o"giz face="Times New Roman Star"ugi>d| face="Times New Roman Star"o"gu"z face="Times New Roman Star"jo"ku"z face="Times New Roman Star"oku"z, o"gu"z face="Times New Roman Star"o"giz face="Times New Roman Star"o"gu"z face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 120, VEWT 370, ЭСТЯ 1, 521-523, Лексика 439, Stachowski 190. Clauson 1959 derives the form from Tokh. B okso (corrected to Tokh. A in EDT ); justly refuted by Doerfer TMN 1, 539 because of original *p-. Turk. (Bulg.) > Hung. o"ko"r, see Gombocz 1912 , MNyTESz 3, 23.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bAla- (?) face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"fir tree face="Times New Roman Star"ель face="Times New Roman Star"balaty 'young fir tree' face="Times New Roman Star"balas?ty (VEWT) face="Times New Roman Star"balas (VEWT) face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 60 (the Bashk. and KBalk. forms are only found there, so the root is somewhat dubious).
face="Times New Roman Star"*jular face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"halter face="Times New Roman Star"недоуздок face="Times New Roman Star"jular (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"jular face="Times New Roman Star"jular (Pav. C. , Houts. ), jolar (AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"d/ular face="Times New Roman Star"sular face="Times New Roman Star"c?ular face="Times New Roman Star"jular face="Times New Roman Star"z|/ulur face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 932, VEWT 210, ЭСТЯ 4, 244-245, Лексика 556.
face="Times New Roman Star"*ben| face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"bait, bird-seed face="Times New Roman Star"приманка, корм для птиц face="Times New Roman Star"men| (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"men| (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"ben, ben| (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"men| (MA ) face="Times New Roman Star"men| face="Times New Roman Star"men|ia" < *men|-eg (dimin.) face="Times New Roman Star"men|e face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 334, EDT 766, Stachowski 178. Turk. > WMong. men|, see KW 261.
face="Times New Roman Star"*bun/gak face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"female maral face="Times New Roman Star"самка марала face="Times New Roman Star"mujg|aq (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"mujg|aq (MK ), mun|g|aq (KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"myjg|ax face="Times New Roman Star"myjg|aq face="Times New Roman Star"myjg|aq face="Times New Roman Star"myjg|aq face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 344, EDT 772, Лексика 153.
face="Times New Roman Star"*or face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"red-brown (of a horse) face="Times New Roman Star"каштаново-гнедой (о масти лошади) face="Times New Roman Star"or (MK , IM ) face="Times New Roman Star"or 'grey' face="Times New Roman Star"or 'blackish piebald' face="Times New Roman Star"or face="Times New Roman Star"ur-g|ujan 'заяц-русак' face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 192-193, VEWT 364.
face="Times New Roman Star"*gele- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to woo 2 to ask 3 messenger, in-between 4 parents having espoused their children 5 a promised bride face="Times New Roman Star"1 ухаживать, свататься 2 просить, выпрашивать 3 посланник, сват 4 родители, взаимно поженившие детей 5 просватанная девушка face="Times New Roman Star"(dial.) geles?ik 4 face="Times New Roman Star"kiles?- 1, ka"la"s? 5; (Mishar) kela"- 2, (КСТТ ) kla"n- 'to annoy, pester' face="Times New Roman Star"(Xwar. ) kelec?i 3 (Qutb ) face="Times New Roman Star"geles?ik 4, gelen| 'attention, care' face="Times New Roman Star"k@le- 2, k@len- 'to beg' face="Times New Roman Star"kalas/- 1; k@le- 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ka"la"s? 5 face="Times New Roman Star"kelec?i 3 face="Times New Roman Star"kelis?- 1, kl'a-, kl'an- 'to wish, be favourably inclined' face="Times New Roman Star"geles?- 1, gelec?i 3 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 248, ЭСТЯ 5, 32-33, Ахметьянов 112-114, Егоров 105, Федотов 1, 270-271. Some languages may reflect a merger with *kele- 'speak' (v. sub *k`i_a>li ). Turk. > Russ. клянчить.
face="Times New Roman Star"*KEbel face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"a well-bred fast horse face="Times New Roman Star"благородная быстрая лошадь face="Times New Roman Star"kevel, kevil (MK , KB ) face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 689.
face="Times New Roman Star"*sark- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"to drip, ooze face="Times New Roman Star"капать, стекать по капле, сочиться face="Times New Roman Star"sarq- (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"sarqy- face="Times New Roman Star"sarq- (AH ) face="Times New Roman Star"sa(r)qi- face="Times New Roman Star"sar(y)q- face="Times New Roman Star"saryx- face="Times New Roman Star"s@rg|@n- face="Times New Roman Star"saryq- face="Times New Roman Star"saryq- face="Times New Roman Star"saryq-, sarqy- face="Times New Roman Star"sarq- face="Times New Roman Star"harqy- face="Times New Roman Star"sarq-, sarx- face="Times New Roman Star"saryq- face="Times New Roman Star"sarq- face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 404, EDT 847-848, ЭСТЯ 7.
face="Times New Roman Star"*uja- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to be ashamed 2 shame face="Times New Roman Star"1 стыдиться 2 стыд face="Times New Roman Star"ujad- (OUygh.) face="Times New Roman Star"ujad|- (MK , KB ), ujal- (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"ujat- 1, ujat 2 (dial.) face="Times New Roman Star"u>jal- 1, u>jat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal-, ujat- 1, ujat 2 (Abush. , Pav. C. ) face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujat 2, ujal-, (dial.) ujat- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujat- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujat 2, ujal- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"yjat- 1, yjat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"u>jal- 1, u>jat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"u>jal- 1, u>jat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujal- 1, ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"ujat- 1 (tr.), ujat 2 face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 511, ЭСТЯ 1, 561-563 (confused with *ubut q. v. sub *i_upo ), 576, EDT 269, 272-273.
face="Times New Roman Star"*Kypy- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 sense, invention, cleverness 2 to invent, think of face="Times New Roman Star"1 смысл, изобретательность, ум 2 выдумывать face="Times New Roman Star"xyby- face="Times New Roman Star"qyby- face="Times New Roman Star"xъw|bъw|l 'dexterous' face="Times New Roman Star"kyp 'dexterously' face="Times New Roman Star"qybac?y 'experienced person' face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 260.
face="Times New Roman Star"*c?ap- face="Times New Roman Star"Altaic etymology face="Times New Roman Star"1 to plaster 2 eye pus 3 to puncture (a tumour, furuncle) face="Times New Roman Star"1 мазать, залеплять, обмазывать 2 глазной гной 3 прокалывать (опухоль, нарыв) face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap- 1 (MK ) face="Times New Roman Star"c?apak 2 face="Times New Roman Star"c?api- 1 face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap-li- 1, c?apaq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s/op- 'заворачивать пирог' face="Times New Roman Star"s?ap- 'to pour water and stamp (ground)'(?) face="Times New Roman Star"c?ap-ta- 1, c?abaq-ta- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"s?abaq-ta- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"c?apaq 2 face="Times New Roman Star"s?abaq-s?a-la- 3 face="Times New Roman Star"(aq) c?ap- 'to blanch, pipeclay' face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 99, EDT 394, Ашм. XII, 248. Turk. > Hung. csipa 'eye pus' (<*c?apag|), see Gombocz 1912 .
,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,,,,,turcet-atu,turcet-krh,turcet-trk,turcet-tat,turcet-chg,turcet-uzb,turcet-uig,turcet-sjg,turcet-azb,turcet-trm,turcet-hak,turcet-shr,turcet-alt,,turcet-chv,turcet-jak,,turcet-tuv,turcet-tof,turcet-krg,turcet-kaz,,turcet-bas,,,,,turcet-sal,turcet-qum,,
Total of 2017 records 101 page
Pages: 81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
Back: 1 20 50 Forward: 1 Search within this database Select another database Total pages generated Pages generated by this script 2224466 14753343
Help
StarLing database server Powered by CGI scripts Copyright 1998-2003 by S. Starostin Copyright 1998-2003 by G. Bronnikov Copyright 2005-2014 by Phil Krylov